majicbar
03-15-2014, 12:13 AM
In my research into A. A. Michelson's proof of the ether that is the medium that transmitts light, I have come to the conclusion that there were two big bangs not just one. Ether by experiment is fully entrained to the Earth's motion and rotation in space. Michelson's intrrferometer experiments of 1881 and 1887 have been described as the most famous failed experment of the nineteenth century. That will be even moreso true now that we can prove that Michelson made a conceptual failure in his analysis of his experiment. What Michelson failed to consider was the dopplr effect.
Michelson stood at the horizon between science prehistory and modern experimental physics. Although discovered earlier, the doppler effect and it's implications in astronomy and physics had yet to make significant inroads into common understandings. Michelson did not consider the effect of his lamp being in motion.
Michelson figured the path length traveled by his light beams in space using the wavelength of light as a standard length, one two millionth per meter. Michelson was looking for a difference of roughly one wavelength between light traveling a path along the direction of the Earth's vs. one perpendicular to it. The doppler effect is given by comparison of a source's velocity to the velocity of light. The Earth travels at 30 kilometers per second, so the doppler effect from this motion would be 30 kmps per 300,000 kmps, or 1/10,000. With a pathlength at rest of two million wavelengths, Michelson should have figured pathlength in the direction of motion as 2,000,400 wavelengths, because while the light in the instrument is traveling in the direction of the Earth's motion, it also moves in forward in space 1/10,000th the length of that path, adding another 200 wavelengths to the 200 added by the doppler effect. When the light was reflected back to the central mirror, the beam splitter, the return mirror is in motion and it thus removes the doppler effect, so the net difference will be 200+/- wavelengths. So Michelson, though looking for a wavelength +/-, actually found an absence of what he should found which was 200 wavelengths +/-. Only if there is no doppler effect can the observed result be explained, when light travels with the Earth it is as though it were at rest in space, actually it is a rest with the ether which is fully entrained with the Earth's motion.
We infer that light must be traveling in an ether because when light leaves the Earth it assumes again the speed of light in space, loosing whatever difference in speed that it had when traveling near the Earth's surface. Michelson because of issues with vibration in the 1881 instrument in Germany, he built a much more robust instrument at Case University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1887. That interferometer had pathlengths of eleven meters, but because of it's using a folded optics it was actually only 5.5 times more sensitive than the 1881 instrument. Michelson designed an instrument to test for a partially entrained ether, it seemed to find about a wavelength of change suggesting that the ether was partially entrained to the Earth's motion but not rotation. The 1887 interferometer was more sensitive and yet it failed to see a partially entrained ether when one considers the added doppler effect, thus casting doubt on the Michelson, Pearson and Gale result.
Ether by experiment seems to be tied to matter's mass. Further experiments should be done to better determine the laws by which it operates. Ether may have something to do with electrical and magnetic fields, it may have much to do with gravitational fields as well. There is a curious result of gravity behaving differently during solar eclipses as it affects pendulems. There is also a strange result reported by Silvertooth who reported an interferometer showing motion of hundreds of kms, consisted with our galaxies motion in the Universe. Much more needs to be tested.
THE BIG BANG
My hypothesis is that there were two Big Bangs, separated by some time interval, likely a short one. I believe in string theory, that ether is the shortest, high temperature string, and was the first thing to distill out of the fireball that became our Universe. As the Universe grew at the speed of light it began to cool and strings assembled into larger strings of matter. The ether was then able to become tied to the matter which also continued to expand at the speed of light. Because ether limits the velocity of matter to be limited to the speed of light, this period of the Universes growth actually allowed expansion to be compounded, so the growth actually was the speed of light times the speed of light, light speed squared. This would be the period of inflation that hss become a centerpiece of Big Bang thinking. It might be that the bulk of the Universe has long since expanded beyond what we could ever see. What we see as the far Universe may actually only be an event horizon where the matter has not exceeded the speed of light relative to our place in the Universe, that would help explain why we see such uniformity in it.
Michelson stood at the horizon between science prehistory and modern experimental physics. Although discovered earlier, the doppler effect and it's implications in astronomy and physics had yet to make significant inroads into common understandings. Michelson did not consider the effect of his lamp being in motion.
Michelson figured the path length traveled by his light beams in space using the wavelength of light as a standard length, one two millionth per meter. Michelson was looking for a difference of roughly one wavelength between light traveling a path along the direction of the Earth's vs. one perpendicular to it. The doppler effect is given by comparison of a source's velocity to the velocity of light. The Earth travels at 30 kilometers per second, so the doppler effect from this motion would be 30 kmps per 300,000 kmps, or 1/10,000. With a pathlength at rest of two million wavelengths, Michelson should have figured pathlength in the direction of motion as 2,000,400 wavelengths, because while the light in the instrument is traveling in the direction of the Earth's motion, it also moves in forward in space 1/10,000th the length of that path, adding another 200 wavelengths to the 200 added by the doppler effect. When the light was reflected back to the central mirror, the beam splitter, the return mirror is in motion and it thus removes the doppler effect, so the net difference will be 200+/- wavelengths. So Michelson, though looking for a wavelength +/-, actually found an absence of what he should found which was 200 wavelengths +/-. Only if there is no doppler effect can the observed result be explained, when light travels with the Earth it is as though it were at rest in space, actually it is a rest with the ether which is fully entrained with the Earth's motion.
We infer that light must be traveling in an ether because when light leaves the Earth it assumes again the speed of light in space, loosing whatever difference in speed that it had when traveling near the Earth's surface. Michelson because of issues with vibration in the 1881 instrument in Germany, he built a much more robust instrument at Case University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1887. That interferometer had pathlengths of eleven meters, but because of it's using a folded optics it was actually only 5.5 times more sensitive than the 1881 instrument. Michelson designed an instrument to test for a partially entrained ether, it seemed to find about a wavelength of change suggesting that the ether was partially entrained to the Earth's motion but not rotation. The 1887 interferometer was more sensitive and yet it failed to see a partially entrained ether when one considers the added doppler effect, thus casting doubt on the Michelson, Pearson and Gale result.
Ether by experiment seems to be tied to matter's mass. Further experiments should be done to better determine the laws by which it operates. Ether may have something to do with electrical and magnetic fields, it may have much to do with gravitational fields as well. There is a curious result of gravity behaving differently during solar eclipses as it affects pendulems. There is also a strange result reported by Silvertooth who reported an interferometer showing motion of hundreds of kms, consisted with our galaxies motion in the Universe. Much more needs to be tested.
THE BIG BANG
My hypothesis is that there were two Big Bangs, separated by some time interval, likely a short one. I believe in string theory, that ether is the shortest, high temperature string, and was the first thing to distill out of the fireball that became our Universe. As the Universe grew at the speed of light it began to cool and strings assembled into larger strings of matter. The ether was then able to become tied to the matter which also continued to expand at the speed of light. Because ether limits the velocity of matter to be limited to the speed of light, this period of the Universes growth actually allowed expansion to be compounded, so the growth actually was the speed of light times the speed of light, light speed squared. This would be the period of inflation that hss become a centerpiece of Big Bang thinking. It might be that the bulk of the Universe has long since expanded beyond what we could ever see. What we see as the far Universe may actually only be an event horizon where the matter has not exceeded the speed of light relative to our place in the Universe, that would help explain why we see such uniformity in it.